END NOTES

1. 1992 Census of Manufacturers Preliminary Report Industry Series: Petroleum and Coal Products, Bureau of the Census, June 1994. (MC92-1-29A(P))

2. Petroleum: An Energy Profile, Energy Information Administration, August, 1991. (DOE/EIA-0545(91), p. 5.

3. Petroleum Refining for the Non-Technical Person, 2nd ed., William L. Leffler, Penn Well Publishing Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1985.

4. Petroleum: An Energy Profile, Energy Information Administration, August, 1991. (DOE/EIA-0545(91)

5. Standard Industrial Classification Manual.

6. United States Refining Capacity. Washington, D.C.: National Petroleum Refinery Association, January 1, 1994.

7. 1992 Census of Manufacturers Industry Series: Petroleum and Coal Products, Bureau of the Census, June 1994. (MC92-I-29A)

8. Ibid.

9. 1992 Census of Manufacturers Industry Series: Blast Furnaces, Steel Works, and Rolling and Finishing Mills. Bureau of the Census, May 1994. (MC92-I-29A)

10. 1992 Census of Manufacturers Industry Series: Petroleum and Coal Products. Bureau of Census, 1987 (MC92-I-29A).

11. United States Refinery Capacity. Washington, D.C.: National Petroleum Refinery Association, January 1, 1994.

12. The U.S. Petroleum Industry: Past as Prologue, 1970-1992, Energy Information Administration, September, 1993. (DOE/EIA-0572)

13. U.S. Industrial Outlook 1994, Department of Commerce.

14. Ibid.

15. API comments on draft document.

16. Statement of the American Petroleum Institute.

17. Statement of the American Petroleum Institute, Issues Affecting the Refining Sector of the Petroleum Industry, Hearings Before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, Washington, DC, May 19 and 28, 1992, U.S. Government Printing Office,

Washington, DC: 1992.

18. U.S. Industrial Outlook 1994, Department of Commerce.

19. U.S. Industrial Outlook 1994, Department of Commerce.

20. Lichtblau, John H., Petroleum Industry Research Foundation, Inc., New York, NY. Prepared statement for the Hearings before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, Second Session, on the Issues Affecting the Refining Sector of the Petroleum Industry, Washington, DC, May 19, 1992. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington: 1992. ISBN 0-16-039466-X.

21. Petroleum Refining - Technology & Economics, Gary & Handwerk, 3rd Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1994.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid.

24. U.S. EPA. Development Document for Effluent Limitation Guidelines: New Source Performance Standards and Pretreatment Standards for the Petroleum Refining Point Source Category. Ruddy, D., Project Officer, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Washington, D.C.: U.S. EPA, October 1982.

25. Petroleum Refining - Technology & Economics, Gary & Handwerk, 3rd Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1994.

26. Assessment of Atmospheric Emissions from Petroleum Refining, R.G. Wetherold, Radian Corporation, Austin, Texas and U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, April, 1980. (EPA-600/2-80-075e)

27. U.S. EPA. Development Document for Effluent Limitation Guidelines: New Source Performance Standards and Pretreatment Standards for the Petroleum Refining Point Source Category. Ruddy, D., Project Officer, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Washington, D.C.: U.S. EPA, October 1982.

28. Petroleum Refining for the Non-Technical Person, 2nd ed., William L. Leffler, PennWell Publishing Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1985.

29. Assessment of Atmospheric Emissions from Petroleum Refining, R.G. Wetherold, Radian Corporation, Austin, Texas and U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, April, 1980. (EPA-600/2-80-075e)

30. U.S. EPA. Development Document for Effluent Limitation Guidelines: New Source Performance Standards and Pretreatment Standards for the Petroleum Refining Point Source Category. Ruddy, D., Project Officer, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Washington, D.C.: U.S. EPA, October 1982.

31. Petroleum Refining - Technology & Economics, Gary & Handwerk, 3rd Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1994.

32. Petroleum Refining for the Non-Technical Person, 2nd ed., William L. Leffler, Penn Well Publishing Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1985.

33. Petroleum Refining - Technology & Economics, Gary & Handwerk, 3rd Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1994.

34. Ibid.

35. Ibid.

36. Petroleum Refinery Enforcement Manual, U.S. EPA Office of Enforcement, by PEDCo Environmental Inc., Arlington, Texas, March 1980. EPA-340/1-80-008.

37. Petroleum Refining - Technology & Economics, Gary & Handwerk, 3rd Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1994.

38. U.S. EPA. Development Document for Effluent Limitation Guidelines: New Source Performance Standards and Pretreatment Standards for the Petroleum Refining Point Source Category. Ruddy, D., Project Officer, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Washington, D.C.: U.S. EPA, October 1982.

39. Petroleum Refining - Technology & Economics, Gary & Handwerk, 3rd Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1994.

40. Ibid.

41. Petroleum Refinery Enforcement Manual, U.S. EPA Office of Enforcement, by PEDCo Environmental Inc., Arlington, Texas, March 1980. EPA-340/1-80-008.

42. Petroleum Refining - Technology & Economics, Gary & Handwerk, 3rd Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1994.

43. Petroleum Refinery Enforcement Manual, U.S. EPA Office of Enforcement, by PEDCo Environmental Inc., Arlington, Texas, March 1980. EPA-340/1-80-008.

44. Petroleum Refining - Technology & Economics, Gary & Handwerk, 3rd Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1994.

45. Ibid.

46. Petroleum Refinery Enforcement Manual, U.S. EPA Office of Enforcement, by PEDCO Environmental Inc., Arlington, Texas, March 1980. EPA-340/1-80-008.

47. U.S. EPA. Development Document for Effluent Limitation Guidelines: New Source Performance Standards and Pretreatment Standards for the Petroleum Refining Point Source Category. Ruddy, D., Project Officer, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Washington, D.C.: U.S. EPA, October 1982.

48. Petroleum Refining - Technology & Economics, Gary & Handwerk, 3rd Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1994.

49. Petroleum Refinery Enforcement Manual, U.S. EPA Office of Enforcement, by PEDCO Environmental Inc., Arlington, Texas, March 1980. EPA-340/1-80-008.

50. U.S. EPA. Development Document for Effluent Limitation Guidelines: New Source Performance Standards and Pretreatment Standards for the Petroleum Refining Point Source Category. Ruddy, D., Project Officer, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Washington, D.C.: U.S. EPA, October 1982.

51. Petroleum Refining - Technology & Economics, Gary & Handwerk, 3rd Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1994.

52. Personal interviews with EPA staff and comments on draft document by API.

53. U.S. EPA. Development Document for Effluent Limitation Guidelines: New Source Performance Standards and Pretreatment Standards for the Petroleum Refining Point Source Category. Ruddy, D., Project Officer, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Washington, D.C.: U.S. EPA, October 1982.

54. Petroleum Refinery Enforcement Manual, U.S. EPA Office of Enforcement, by PEDCo Environmental Inc., Arlington, Texas, March 1980. EPA-340/1-80-008.

55. Provided by Carole L. Engelder, PhD, PE, Amoco Corporation, Permitting and Operating Services, Texas City, Texas, May 1995.

56. Ibid.

57. Petroleum Refining - Technology & Economics, Gary & Handwerk, 3rd Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1994.

58. Ibid.

59. Petroleum Refining for the Non-Technical Person, 2nd ed., William L. Leffler, Penn Well Publishing Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1985.

60. Ibid.

61. Petroleum Refinery Enforcement Manual, U.S. EPA Office of Enforcement, by PEDCO Environmental Inc., Arlington, Texas, March 1980. EPA-340/1-80-008.

62. Ibid.

63. Petroleum Refining - Technology & Economics, Gary & Handwerk, 3rd Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1994.

64. Petroleum Refinery Enforcement Manual, U.S. EPA Office of Enforcement, by PEDCo Environmental Inc., Arlington, Texas, March 1980. EPA-340/1-80-008.

65. Ibid.

66. Petroleum Refining - Technology & Economics, Gary & Handwerk, 3rd Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1994.

67. Ibid.

68. Petroleum Refinery Enforcement Manual, U.S. EPA Office of Enforcement, by PEDCO Environmental Inc., Arlington, Texas, March 1980. EPA-340/1-80-008.

69. Handbook of Petroleum Refining Processes, Meyers, R.A., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1986.

70. Petroleum Refining for the Non-Technical Person, 2nd ed., William L. Leffler, Penn Well Publishing Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1985.

71. Personal interviews with EPA staff.

72. Assessment of Atmospheric Emissions from Petroleum Refining, R.G. Wetherold, Radian Corporation, Austin, Texas and U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, April, 1980. (EPA-600/2-80-075e)

73. Wetherold, R.G., Radian Corporation. Assessment of Atmospheric Emissions from Petroleum Refining: Volume 5. Appendix F. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1980. EPA-600/2-80-075e.

74. Petroleum Refining - Technology & Economics, Gary & Handwerk, 3rd Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1994.

75. Petroleum Refinery Enforcement Manual, U.S. EPA Office of Enforcement, by PEDCo Environmental Inc., Arlington, Texas, March 1980. EPA-340/1-80-008.

76. Petroleum Refining - Technology & Economics, Gary & Handwerk, 3rd Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1994.

77. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Chapter 9, Petroleum Industry. U.S. EPA, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., September 1985.